Linux distribution: CentOS, Ubuntu, RedHat, Android, Tizen, MeeGo

Linux, first written by Linus Benedict Torvalds in 1991. Prior to this, Richard Stallman created the Free Software Foundation (FSF) organization and GNU project, and continued to write and create GNU programs (the licensing methods for such programs are GPL ): General Public License). After the continuous addition of outstanding programmers and developers to the GNU organization, it created the Linux we see today, or GNU/Linux.

Linux distributions can be roughly divided into two categories, one is the distribution maintained by commercial companies, and the other is the distribution maintained by community organizations

The former is represented by the famous Redhat (RHEL), and the latter is represented by Debian.

**Linux distribution: **

Redhat, should be called the Redhat series, including RHEL (Redhat Enterprise Linux, also known as Redhat Advance Server, paid version), Fedora Core (from the original The desktop version of Redhat is developed, free version), CentOS (community clone version of RHEL, free). Redhat should be said to be the most popular Linux version in China. Some people even equate Redhat with Linux, and some veterans only use this version of Linux. So this version is characterized by a large number of users and a lot of information. The implication is that if you have something you don’t understand, it is easy to find someone to ask, and the general Linux tutorials on the Internet are based on Redhat as an example. of. The package management method of the Redhat series adopts the YUM package management method based on RPM packages, and the package distribution method is a compiled binary file. In terms of stability, RHEL and CentOS are very stable and suitable for server use, but Fedora Core has poor stability and is best used only for desktop applications.

Debian, or Debian series, including Debian and Ubuntu. Debian is a model of community-like Linux, and it is the Linux system that most follows the GNU specification so far. Debian was first created by Ian Murdock in 1993 and is divided into three version branches (branch): stable, testing and unstable. Among them, unstable is the latest test version, which includes the latest software packages, but also has relatively many bugs, suitable for desktop users. The testing version has been tested in unstable, relatively stable, and also supports many new technologies (such as SMP, etc.). While stable is generally only used for servers, most of the above packages are relatively outdated, but the stability and security are very high. The most distinctive feature of Debian is the apt-get/dpkg package management method. In fact, Redhat's YUM is also imitating Debian's APT method, but in the binary file distribution method, APT should be the best. Debian has a wealth of information, there are many supporting communities, and there are places to go for advice if you have questions :)

Ubuntu**, **Strictly speaking, it cannot be regarded as an independent distribution. Ubuntu is based on Debian's unstable version. In this way, Ubuntu is a nearly perfect Linux desktop system with all the advantages of Debian and the advantages it has strengthened. Depending on the desktop system selected, there are three versions to choose from, Ubuntu based on Gnome, Kubuntu based on KDE, and Xubuntu based on Xfc. The characteristic is that the interface is very friendly, easy to use, and the hardware support is very comprehensive. It is the most suitable Linux distribution for desktop systems.

Gentoo, the great Gentoo is the youngest distribution in the Linux world. Because of its youth, it can absorb the advantages of all the distributions before her. This It is also one of the reasons why Gentoo is called the most perfect Linux distribution. Gentoo was originally created by Daniel Robbins (one of the developers of FreeBSD), and the first stable version was released in 2002. Due to the developer's familiarity with FreeBSD, Gentoo has a well-reputed ports system comparable to FreeBSD-Portage package management system. Unlike package management systems that distribute binary files such as APT and YUM, Portage is distributed based on source code and must be compiled before it can run. It is slower for large-scale software, but it is precisely because all software is compiled on the local machine. After various customized compilation parameters are optimized, the hardware performance of the machine can be brought into full play. Gentoo is the most complicated installation of all Linux distributions, but it is also the most manageable version after installation, and it is also the fastest version that runs under the same hardware environment.

FreeBSD, is a free, free UNIX-like operating system (Unix-like), derived from AT&T UNIX via BSD UNIX, FreeBSD due to legal The reason cannot be called UNIX, but because it is directly derived from BSD UNIX, and some original BSD UNIX developers later switched to FreeBSD development, FreeBSD has great compatibility with UNIX in terms of internal structure and system API. Due to FreeBSD's loose legal terms, its code has been borrowed by many other systems, including Apple's MacOS X. Because of MacOS X's UNIX compatibility, MacOS X has obtained the UNIX trademark certification.

It is not a Linux system! However, a considerable part of the user groups of FreeBSD and Linux overlap. The hardware environments supported by the two are also relatively consistent, and the software used is also relatively similar, so FreeBSD can be compared as a Linux version. FreeBSD has two branches: stable and current. As the name suggests, stable is a stable version, while current is a beta version with new technologies added. FreeBSD uses the Ports package management system, similar to Gentoo, based on source code distribution, and must be compiled on the local machine before it can run. However, the Ports system is not as easy to use as the Portage system, and it is slightly more complicated to use. The biggest feature of FreeBSD is its stability and efficiency. It is the best choice as a server operating system, but it does not have complete hardware support, so it is not suitable as a desktop system.

SUSE Linux, referred to as "SuSE", pronounced /zuz/, meaning "Software- und System-Entwicklung", this is a sentence in German, English It is "Software and system development". Now the company's name has been changed to SUSE Linux again. It was originally a Linux distribution issued and maintained by SuSE Linux AG in Germany, and is a registered trademark of this company. This company was acquired by Novell in 2004. Broadly speaking, SUSE Linux is a series of Linux distributions. The first version appeared in early 1994. SUSE is one of the oldest commercial distributions that originated in Germany, while SUSE Linux is aimed at individual users. SUSE Linux was originally based on Slackware Linux and provided a product with a complete German user interface. In 1992, Peter McDonald founded the Softlanding Linux System (SLS) release. This release includes a lot of software, including X Window and TCP/IP packages for the first time. Slackware is a distribution based on SLS.

Mandriva, is currently one of the best Linux distributions in the world, and is firmly in the first echelon of the Linux rankings. Prior to 2005, it ranked No.1 in the Linux rankings. It is currently the most easy-to-use Linux distribution, and it is also the only Linux that supports the Chinese environment by default among many international linux distributions. It is a Linux distribution developed by the French company Mandriva (formerly Mandrake). Mandriva is still the largest Linux manufacturer in Europe. The predecessor of Mandriva Linux is the famous Mandrake Linux. The Mandriva (Mandrake) project is the world's first Linux version that is easy to use, install and manage for non-technical users. Mandriva (Mandrake Linux) early convenient font installation tool and default Chinese support have made great contributions to the popularization of Linux. The current Mandriva was developed by the combination of mandrake and Conectiva.

Slackware is a GNU/Linux distribution developed by Patrick Volkerding. Unlike many other distributions, it adheres to the principle of KISS (Keep It Simple Stupid), which means that there is no graphical interface tool for configuring the system. In the beginning, there will be some difficulties in configuring the system, but more experienced users will appreciate the transparency and flexibility of this approach. Another outstanding feature of Slackware Linux also complies with the KISS principle: Slackware does not have a mature package manager such as RPM. Slackware's software packages are usually tgz (tar/gzip) format files plus installation scripts. Tgz is more powerful than RPM for experienced users and avoids the dependency problem of managers such as RPM. Slackware has a different path from other distributions (Red Hat, Debian, Gentoo, SuSE, Mandriva, Ubuntu, etc.), and it strives to become a "UNIX-style" Linux distribution. Only the stable version of the application is absorbed, and the configuration tools customized for the release version in other linux versions are missing.

**Linux distribution (mobile): **

Android, is a free and open source operating system based on Linux, mainly used in mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets , Led and developed by Google and the Open Mobile Alliance. There is no unified Chinese name yet. Many people in mainland China use "Android" or "Anzhi". The Android operating system was originally developed by Andy Rubin and mainly supports mobile phones. In August 2005, it was acquired and injected by Google. In November 2007, Google and 84 hardware manufacturers, software developers and telecom operators formed the Open Mobile Alliance to jointly develop and improve the Android system. Subsequently, Google released the source code of Android under the authorization of the Apache open source license. The first Android smartphone was released in October 2008. Android gradually expanded to tablet computers and other fields, such as TVs, digital cameras, game consoles, etc. In the first quarter of 2011, Android's global market share surpassed the Symbian system for the first time, ranking first in the world. According to data in November 2012, Android occupies 76% of the global smartphone operating system market, and China's market share is 90%.

MeeGo is a free and open source mobile portable device operating system based on Linux. It was announced at the Global Mobile Communications Conference in February 2010, and the main promoters were Nokia and Intel. MeeGo integrates Nokia's Maemo and Intel's Moblin platform, and is led by the Linux Foundation. MeeGo is mainly positioned in the consumer electronics market such as mobile devices, home appliances and digital, and can be used in platforms such as smart phones, tablets, netbooks, smart TVs and in-vehicle systems. On September 28, 2011, following Nokia's announcement to abandon the development of meego, Intel also officially announced the merger of MeeGo and LiMo into a new system: Tizen. In July 2012, with the support of Nokia, Jolla Mobile was established. And based on Meego research and development sailfish os, will release a new generation of Jolla mobile phone in China.

Chrome OS, is an open source PC operating system based on Linux, targeted at netbooks, compact and low-cost computers. This open source software will be named Chrome OS. Google will hold a Chrome-related product launch conference in the United States on December 7, 2010. The Chrome Web store and Chrome OS will be officially released at the conference. Chromium OS is an open source project of the Google Chrome OS computer operating system. It is mainly provided to developers. Everyone can check, modify the code and even compile their own version.

webOS is an embedded operating system based on the Linux kernel and some proprietary software developed by Palm. It is mainly for Palm Developed for smart phones. The platform was announced to the public at the International Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas on January 8, 2009, and was released on June 6, 2009. This platform is the de facto successor to PalmOS, and webOS focuses on the integration of online social networks and Web 2.0. The first smartphone equipped with webOS system is Palm Pre, which was released on June 6, 2009. As Palm was acquired by HP, webOS was taken over to HP. In the early morning of August 19, 2011, at HP's third quarter earnings conference, HP announced that it officially abandoned all operations around TouchPad tablets and webOS mobile phones.

Tizen, (Chinese name: Taize) is the two major Linux alliances, LiMo Foundation and Linux Foundation, integrating resource advantages, and working with Intel and Samsung Electronics to jointly develop The operating system of mobile phones and other devices. The system integrates two operating systems, LiMo and MeeGo, and is expected to be officially announced in February 2012. Tizen system is a hybrid of Intel MeeGo system and Samsung LiMo system. As HP abandons the development of webOS smartphones and tablets, RIM’s Playbook struggles to survive, and Nokia changes drastically, operators hope to have an alternative new operating system. No one wants to see a duopoly of Android and iOS. At the same time, due to the difficulties encountered by Intel and Samsung in the development of MeeGo and Bada, both parties have joined hands with the new platform Tizen system, which can reduce development resources and manpower, and strengthen the technology and application store functions, including Acer and Asus will join the Tizen platform development plan , HTC is also evaluating whether the Tizen platform has the opportunity to form the fourth power of the OS platform, competing with Android, iOS, and Windows, and has attracted the attention of the industry.

BADA is a smart phone platform developed by Samsung Electronics in South Korea. The bottom layer is the Linux core. The software application supporting rich functions and user experience was released on November 10, 2009. Bada means "ocean" in Korean. The design goal of bada is to create an era of smart phones that everyone can use. It is characterized by flexible configuration, good user interaction, excellent service orientation, and attaches great importance to SNS integration and location-based service applications. The bada system consists of the operating system kernel layer, device layer, service layer and framework layer, and supports device applications, service applications, and Web and Flash applications.

**Linux distribution (domestic): **

RedFlag, RedFlag Linux is a series of Linux distributions developed by Beijing Zhongke Hongqi Software Technology Co., Ltd., including desktop version, workstation version, data center server Version, HA cluster version and Red Flag Embedded Linux and other products. At present, the CD-ROM version can be purchased at various software stores in China, and the official website also provides free download of CD-ROM images. Red Flag Linux is one of China's larger and more mature Linux distributions.

Kylin, won the bid for Kylin (formerly known as Puhua Linux), at the end of December 2010, won the bid for Puhua and the National University of Defense Technology to jointly operate System technical cooperation. After the cooperation, the winning price of China's Linux operating system was renamed "Successful Kylin" and the logo of the new operating system was further replaced. This cooperation is an in-depth technical cooperation between the ease of operation of the civilian "Won the Standard Pricewaterhouse" operating system and the high security of the military "Galaxy Kirin". Both parties will integrate their respective features into the new operating system. The winning Kylin operating system adopts an enhanced Linux kernel, which is divided into desktop version, general version, advanced version and security version to meet the requirements of different customers. It has been widely used in energy, finance, transportation, government, central enterprises and other industries. The Winning Kylin Enhanced Security Operating System adopts the Galaxy Kylin KACF mandatory access control framework and the RBA role authority management mechanism, supports the implementation of security policies in a modular manner, and provides a unified platform for multiple access control policies. It is a platform that truly transcends the separation of multiple rights. The B2 level structured protection operating system products.

Hualei Linux, the universal operating system RAYS is a Chinese Linux operating system independently developed by Xinhua Technology System Software Co., Ltd. It integrates a number of advanced technologies on the basis of the Linux stable kernel, which can fully meet the application needs of governments, companies, individuals, and families in office, entertainment, learning and education. In addition, Hualei's general operating system fully supports a variety of domestic CPUs including Loongson and Zhongzhi, realizing a complete industrial chain of "domestic CPU + domestic operating system + domestic application software".

Magic Linux, is a new Linux distribution, referred to as MGC, is a version for Chinese people, by the Chinese Linux Commune's community members and Linux hobby The Chinese Linux distribution made by the author is now modified based on Fedora. The purpose of Magic Linux is very simple: let everyone really use Linux instead of Chinese Linux one by one. The slogan of Magic Linux is: There is no unrealized dream. In 2002, cjacker released a Chinese version of Linux that he made for learning in the forum of China Linux Commune, which was modified on the basis of Red Hat 8.0, version 1.0. After cjacker joined Beijing Zhongke Hongqi Software Technology Co., Ltd., the subsequent development of Magic Linux encountered unprecedented difficulties. KanKer, KDE, sejishikong and other Chinese Linux public members joined the development, rewrote Magic Linux, released Magic Linux 2.0, and finally formed the independent stable release version 2.5.X. In 2012, the development team is actively researching and developing Live installation Mainly 3.0.

Co-create Linux, a Linux-based desktop operating system with rich features, can partially replace the existing commonly used Windows desktop operating system. It adopts a graphical user interface similar to Windows XP style, conforms to the operating habits of Windows XP, makes users feel more familiar and easier to use, and reduces training costs. Provides excellent Chinese support capabilities, and the font display effect is very beautiful. The highly intelligent Chinese Pinyin input method is easy to use and has high input efficiency, reaching the same level as the Pinyin input method under Windows.

Linux desktop version:

If you just need a desktop system, and neither want to use piracy, nor do you want to spend a lot of money to buy commercial software, then you need a Linux distribution suitable for desktop use, such as: Ubuntu

If you don't want to customize anything by yourself, and don't want to waste too much time on the system, then it is very simple, you can choose one among ubuntu, kubuntu and xubuntu according to your hobbies. The difference between the three is only the difference in the desktop program.

If you need a desktop system and want to be very flexible to customize your Linux system, want to make your machine run more happily, and don't mind wasting a little time on Linux system installation, then your only choice is Gentoo, enjoy it. Gentoo brings the pleasure of freedom!

If what you need is a server system, and you are tired of various Linux configurations and just want a more stable server system, then your best choice is CentOS. After the installation is complete, you can simply configure it. Can provide a very stable service.

If what you need is a rock-solid and very stable server system, then your only option is FreeBSD.

If you need a stable server system, and you want to explore various aspects of Linux, and want to customize a lot of content yourself, then I recommend you to use Gentoo.

**Linux server: **

CentOS is actually the kernel of Redhat. It feels that it will be more mature and stable. Compared with the old Redhat, it has one more yum command, which automatically installs software like Debian; But I feel that the things that can be Yum in CentOS are too few compared to Debian or Ubuntu; CentOS is between young and mature, and it pays more attention to security than Ubuntu. By default, it comes with its own firewall and turns on the firewall. There is something called SELinux inside, which limits the permissions between different programs. This is also one of the reasons why I install some CentOS software often inexplicably tell me "no permissions". Later, because of some software, they failed to do it all night, such as the authentication of VSftp+PAM_MYSQL, which was annoyed.

Ubuntu is a continuation of Debian. The method of apt-get to automatically install and update software is the first of Debian. In comparison, the apt-get software library and source are much more powerful and much more. Except for a magickWand (imageMagick's PHP API), all other things on our server are apt-get down, and the installation does not take a minute; I feel that Ubuntu is more Free, small, flexible, and a bit young.

Gentoo, it is estimated to be the best performance, because it is super troublesome to install; it is said that his philosophy is to let you understand how everything in Linux comes out! All It is up to you to customize.

FreeBSD, is another kind of UNIX-like kernel, which does not belong to Linux. The suitable server is to use FreeBSD, which is said to be the most powerful. But the kernel is different, we dare not try this time.

Linux distribution (list)

Reference recommendation:

Linux Literacy: CentOS, Ubuntu, Gentoo

List of Top Ten Linux Versions in China

Introduction of domestic Linux distribution